Introduction: Healthcare advances have contributed to patients living longer with chronic illnesses and diseases with uncertain trajectories impacting quality of life (QOL). Palliative care (PC) is no longer only for dying oncology patients as many healthcare practitioners have adopted the PC concept in diverse care settings and the timing of PC implementation remains ambiguous. There is a need to develop an operational definition of early palliative care (EPC) by clarifying the phenomenon and bridging concepts with empirical data to develop and test possible interventions before integrating EPC into emergency care (EC). Methods: Norris’ concept clarification method was used as the philosophical framework to define, analyze, and clarify EPC. An electronic search of literature from 2000-2024, using CINAHL, PubMed, APA PsychINFO, and Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection databases and search terms “early palliative care” AND “emergency care” NOT “animals”, and NOT “pediatrics” were screened for eligible articles. Results: Of the 826 articles identified,22 articles were retained for review. Attributes included timing, palliative, and EC,antecedents included symptom burden, access to care, and cognitive awareness,consequences included QOL and resource utilization,an empirical referent used to screen patients is the highly accurate surprise question “Would I be surprised if this patient died within a year? ” Conclusion: Clarifying the concept of EPC leading to an operational definition will advance the development of interventions that support the implementation of EPC in ED clinical practice.

Background and Aim: Due to the special form of contracting, contracting contracts have many complications for the real understanding of the basis and nature of legal works. Financing or finance is one of these things that have made it difficult for the government to exploit and develop oil fields in the current state of embargo. Method: This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles. Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed. Results: New contracts have been concluded in the phases of South Pars under the title of EPC+F with the condition of introduction of the investor by the EPC contractor, which has countless ambiguities. Including what aspects the contractor introduces the investor and what non-financial incentives this finance contract includes for the investor and the government as an employer and how is reimbursement, insurance, guarantee and bail. Conclusion: In oil contracts, two methods of finance in the form of loans and mutual sales seem suitable, Although in the finance method, unlike the cross-selling method that leads to the introduction of technology and equipment, only emphasis is placed on receiving investment profits and not receiving guarantees and collateral other than the project, and repayment does not require the completion of the project, but in case of project failure, all risks It is addressed to the employer. Therefore, according to the goal of technology development and transfer, it seems that the use of cross-selling method meets the demands of the Iranian employer.

In this investigation for Expandable Pattern Casting (EPC) simulation, an algorithm was developed to calculate the gas pressure of the evaporated foam during mould filling. Also, the effect of backpressure evaporative foam on filling behavior was modeled with a new experimental function by adding a Volume of Fraction (VOF) function. The simulation of molten flow and track free surfaces is based on the (Solution Algorithm) SOLA-VOF numerical technique. To simulate the three-dimensional incompressible flow of melt in EPC moulds, the pressure boundary conditions, heat transfer and foam gas pressure effect were modified. In order to verify the computational results of simulation melt flow in EPC casting, a thin grey iron plate was poured into a transparent foam mould. Mould .filling and foam depolymerization were recorded with a 16mm high-speed camera. The comparison of experimental and simulation results of the sequence filling of EPC casting showed a good consistency, which confirms the accuracy of the model.